What is BLDC Motor Controller

A Simple Introduction to BLDC Motors and Their Controllers 

Brushless DC motors, often shortened to BLDC motors, see a wide application in industries ranging from computer hard drives to industrial robots. Believe it or not, they dominate some fields entirely, with brushed DC motors (BDC motors) receiving no attention.

However, to use one effectively, you will also need a BLDC motor controller. This nifty little piece of hardware is used to regulate the speed and torque of the motor. It can also start, stop, and reverse the rotation of the motor.

The Construction of Brushless DC Motors

To understand the BLDC motor controller, we're first going to look at its construction. A brushless DC motor consists of two major parts:

1. The rotor is also called an armature. It's made of permanent magnets and, in many cases,
    neodymium magnets.

2. Then there's also the stator, which has windings creating a magnetic field when energized. 

The rotation of the motor is provided by the rotor's magnets and the stator's windings: they follow the law of poles to attract and repel each other.

A BLDC motor controller essentially detects the position of the rotor (a process that may or may not involve Hall-effect sensors) and enables a user to switch the current and energize the required winding using the transistors.


Types of Brushless DC Motor Controllers

To put it simply, brushless DC motor controllers are widely divided into two major categories: with-sensor and sensorless. Here's the same thing, but with more details:

1. Sensor BLDC Motor Controller 

Most current BLDC motor controllers include a sensor to detect the position of the rotor. It can use a variety of different sensors to understand the position of the rotor, like:

● Hall-effect sensors (the most common type),

● Variable reluctance sensors,

● Optical sensors,

● And rotary encoders.

2. Sensorless BLDC Motor Controller

Secondly, there are the sensorless BLDC motor controllers. These work without a sensor and instead detect the position of the rotor by estimating the back EMF. That's the back Electromotive Force, a voltage created by the rotating armature in the windings.

The higher the back EMF, the closer the rotor's magnet is.    


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